Gothic Essay Topics

<h1>Gothic Essay Topics</h1><p>Gothic expositions are additionally here and there called dark writing or Gothic books. They might be expounded on specific causes or occurrences, yet they may likewise be about zones of the human spirit and how it identifies with man's deepest musings and experiences.</p><p></p><p>Gothic papers may likewise have chronicled or archeological connections to give them a flavor that is more inaccessible than all else we have. The vast majority of them focus on apparitions, vampires, evil presences, and extraordinary entities.</p><p></p><p>Gothic fiction is regularly identified with short stories, which is an exemplary arrangement for expositions. Expositions that manage these short stories and other theoretical types of abstract creation may have characters that resemble vampires, werewolves, or some other otherworldly animal. These incorporate artistic characters, celebrated entertainers, an d even individuals in genuine life.</p><p></p><p>Essays that manage these short stories additionally for the most part receive the exemplary type of riddle, since the first idea depended on how the heroes would have the option to illuminate the wrongdoing, regardless of whether it was by utilizing offbeat methods. The guidelines on the best way to utilize these irregular methods are then talked about. This will obviously rely upon the idea of the paranormal in question.</p><p></p><p>One of the fundamental issues with the Gothic paper subjects is that the 'tackling' of the issue can frequently be a piece of the secret itself. The primary plot of the greater part of these isn't generally comprehended in any capacity, however the topic of who is really blameworthy can be responded in due order regarding all who wish to research it. Papers may likewise address the vulnerability of mankind and the through and through freedom that people hav e.</p><p></p><p>The Gothic article points frequently manage secrets including murders and different sorts of wrongdoings where underhandedness powers sneak around the bend. The wrongdoing can be a murdering or only an unexpected episode that can be the reason for disorder or death.</p><p></p><p>These expositions are frequently comprised of papers of the sort that element apparitions and awfulness stories. They regularly address the idea of phantoms and the idea of the human psyche. Creators may go into the idea of the spirit, being human, and the idea of things that are apparently illogical.</p><p></p><p>Overall, Gothic fiction is some of the time equal with loathsomeness stories or spine chillers. It is just an ever-advancing type that have given us numerous incredible show-stoppers, however it additionally has its clouded side that we should keep in mind.</p>

Research Paper Topics For Field Equipment Management

Research Paper Topics For Field Equipment ManagementThere are many different types of research paper topics for field equipment management. Most researchers don't realize that theses can be very extensive and well-researched. It is important that they have a research methodology that will keep them from forgetting what they were doing. It also helps to make sure that the researcher follows a well-structured outline before writing their papers.There are many different kinds of equipment that can be found in most fields. In order to understand this, it is important to first know what is involved with all the different types of equipment. For example, any type of vehicle or truck that is used on a field can be classified as either a material or a service vehicle. The material type vehicles are not used for actual transportation of materials but are used for functions such as cleaning up the area where the work is done, transporting people to where they need to go and transporting materi als.On the other hand, a service vehicle is used for general purpose. This may be the type of vehicle that is used to transport people around when they are going out of town. The kind of service vehicle used for this purpose will be classified as either a maintenance work, truck or a delivery truck. Of course, there are many different types of vehicles that have been used for all these purposes.The next step is to know what it is that is considered a material or a service vehicle. After this, it is easier to understand how different types of vehicles can be used in research projects. Most often than not, there are only two categories of material and service vehicles: the ones that are used in the outdoors and the ones that are used indoors.As far as the outdoor vehicles are concerned, one of the main categories is the dump truck. These types of trucks are usually used in construction sites where they will dump the materials. It is important to know that even the simplest of construc tion sites need a dump truck.Most houses are usually built using concrete blocks and metal studs which are using to build the foundation for the house. A demolition company has to be hired in order to remove the blocks and the metal studs in order to make the construction site smooth again. The only problem is that with all the junk lying around, it might be difficult to get rid of the trucks that carry the scrap.Material and service vehicles are normally used for such purposes in construction sites, where the materials need to be disposed of. Since these materials need to be thrown away, the dump truck is the ideal solution. The dump truck carries the materials, which are not good for the environment, and throws them away.The vehicles that transport materials and services that are being used by construction crews in construction sites are called material and service trucks. The one thing to note is that in all the research paper topics for field equipment management, material and s ervice vehicles should not be used to transport material and services. Instead, the vehicles that are to be used to carry material and services should be used.

Essay Topics of a Thousand Acres

Paper Topics of a Thousand AcresEssay subjects of a thousand sections of land covers different themes about selling land. This can be finished by thinking about various elements, one of them being the genuine size of the property. Likewise, the size of land and different territories ought to be considered before moving toward a potential purchaser. In the event that one doesn't remember these components, at that point it very well may be hard to get it done.The next factor that ought to be mulled over is the territory that one needs to sell. This is on the grounds that various zones have various sizes. Albeit an enormous real estate parcel can look great on paper, it can present issues with regards to cleaning and fixing issues that might be available on the land.Essay subjects of a thousand sections of land can be finished concerning different parts of the region. In the event that one knows the specific territory of the land and how huge it is, at that point the person can pick the mes that attention on the territories in the property. One of the potential points is that of upkeep. Since nobody needs to be in a position where they can't keep up the land, one must consider this before a deal can be completed.It may likewise be of significance to check the states of the land for a region that needs more work. There are individuals who like to have their property fixed before they sell it. They may just have the option to make an incomplete installment and might need to enlist a temporary worker for the activity. It is imperative to consider these things so the vender will be OK with the deal before the individual in question makes any offer.One may likewise utilize subjects of a thousand sections of land, to add some point of view to a circumstance. Since a vender needs to consider the expenses of property in any deal, it might be advantageous to concentrate on the nuts and bolts of the property and its advantages. A merchant can pick subjects of athousand secti ons of land to incorporate these realities, so that if a purchaser runs over something that is faulty, the individual in question can call attention to it before the exchange can take place.Another thing that a dealer can expound on is the status of the state of the property. This is particularly evident if the vender has assembled a portion of the structures on the property. The merchant ought to be as point by point as conceivable about the various sorts of structures, so a purchaser won't discover anything missing.Essay subjects of a thousand sections of land can likewise take care of the expense of moving the property and setting up the territory for a purchaser. One should realize that since there will be loads of traffic in a property, it might be important to expel the old flotsam and jetsam that may impede this sort of traffic. It is imperative to take note of that various territories have various guidelines and guidelines on evacuating trash.If a dealer is searching for the mes for exposition subjects of a thousand sections of land, the person should take a gander at various regions and find what has worked best for other people. It is essential to do inquire about on the territory before reaching potential purchasers. The main thing that a vender can consider when searching for subjects for a paper subject of a thousand sections of land is the general nature of the land and the issues that may come up later on.

Single Payer Healthcare The Health Care System Essay

Single-payer Healthcare: The Health Care System That America Rejected While campaigning for the 2016 presidential election, Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont proposed that America should adopt a single-payer health care system. In Sanders’s plan, there would have been only one insurance program that would have covered everyone in the United States; in effect, other programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, and especially private insurance would be discontinued (Holahan, 2016, p. 1). If Sanders’s proposal were to be carried out, it would be a drastic change from the current system which predominately comprises of private insurance and hospitals under limited government regulations. The debate reopened on whether or not a single-payer system would be an effective system health care system or economically viable. Due to the contrasting nature of current health care system in the United States, policymakers should approach proposals of single-payer health care systems with cauti on and an understanding of the benefits and the drawbacks by examining the successes and failures of real-world systems. Background The concept of a national single-payer health care system in America is far from a new one. In his journal, Dr. Jonathan Oberlander (2016) listed some of the proposals that have been made in the United States over the years. The first on his list was a bill that was created in 1943 with plans to establish a payroll tax-funded health insurance for the whole country; despite theShow MoreRelatedThe United States Public Policy1703 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare has been at the forefront of United States public policy for decades. Ever since President Roosevelt proposed healthcare reform during his 1912 run for president, reform has been a policy position often espoused in American politics, culminating with Social Security in the 1930s, Medicare in the 1960s, and finally the Affordable Care Act in 2010 (Palmer 1). While the goal of the Affordable Care Act is to provide care for every American, the United States has never fully adopted a singleRead MoreSingle Payer System : Japan1302 W ords   |  6 PagesSingle Payer System Japan is one of the countries that have a single payer system for their health care coverage. In Japan the cost for its citizens to have a health insurance is very cheap. Japan’s population is very healthy due to the fact that everyone in Japan has health care. In this country most insurance plans will include coverage for medical and dental care. People in Japan will less likely to get sick comparing to other countries. That is largely due to lifestyle factors, such as lowRead MoreSingle Payer Healthcare : Is It Best For America?1546 Words   |  7 PagesSingle-Payer Healthcare Is What Is Best for America With rising healthcare costs being distributed predominantly on workers or their companies, the economic responsibility is placed on the very people who need it the least: the job creators. If the economic responsibility of healthcare costs was shifted to the government, the private sector job creators could have more revenue to stimulate the economy with additional jobs, better wages, and improved worker benefits. The best way to shift this costRead MoreFree Market Reform And Affordable Care Act1409 Words   |  6 Pagesfix America’s healthcare system that is dialing many Americans daily. Many Americans are finding themselves unable to pay the hefty sum, it takes to take care of themselves. There are two types of markets that could potentially solve America’s health insurance dilemma. These market reforms are called perfect competition or free market reform, and Affordable Care Act. Free market healthcare reform is proposed solution to healthcare aimed at reducing demand for high cost primary healthcare services, increasingRead MoreHealthcare Should Be Treated As A Right Or A Privilege1164 Words   |  5 Pagesmedical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health,† (Ibid). Seventy-one years on, this proposed right is rather poorly guaranteed, if at all. Even after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the Census Bureau reported that 10.4% of the US population, approximately 33 million people, was uninsured throughout 2014, severely limiting their access to healthcare (Radnofsky). The United States ought to guarantee universal access to healthcare through a single-payer system becauseRead MoreHealthcare Between Canada And The United States1240 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will compare the healthcare service and healthcare status between Canada and the United States. Canada and the United States have a totally different healthcare s ystem. Many people argued that the United States healthcare system needs some upgrading, while, some people admire Canada’s healthcare system due to the fact that Canada’s healthcare does more for less. Research has shown that Canada spends less of its’ GDP on it’s healthcare yet performs better than the United States. CanadaRead MoreSocialized Medicine and the Current Healthcare Debate934 Words   |  4 PagesSocialized medicine and the current healthcare debate One of the most demonized terms in American political discourse is socialism. When various healthcare reform proposals are being discussed, it is common to condemn them as socialized medicine if they call for greater government intervention to enable universal coverage of all Americans. However, socialized medicine refers to a very specific system of providing healthcare and virtually no American politician has dared to propose what wouldRead MoreThe Single Payer Reimbursement System1608 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a Single Payer Reimbursement System? Single payer reimbursement is a health care financing system that â€Å"includes both the collection of money for health care and reimbursement of providers for health care costs.† In such a system, the government or a quasi public agency is the entity that bears full responsibility of collecting funds and reimbursing appropriate parties, but the provision of care remains in private hands. Through taxpayer funds, the government collects money from individualsRead MoreSingle Payer Healthcare Is A Viable Option For The United States1173 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not single payer healthcare is a viable option for the United States. In the current political climate, arguments for either side turn into a division between ideologies or parties rather than an objective comparison of the options. It is important to discover which system might be best suited, or at the very least, the advantages and disadvantages of each. Much of the data shows that a single payer option could p otentially save money and allow more Americans access to healthcare, but do theseRead MoreAnalysis Of Sick Around The World857 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States health care system is unique among other advanced countries. This system does not have a central governing agency, it is delivered under imperfect market conditions, there are multiple players and payers, and there is no universal health care coverage (Shi Singh, 2015, p. 9). In a time where healthcare reform is being discussed, it is important for the United States to consider what is proactive as well as what is failing the system. That is what Sick Around The World did; the

Argumentative Essay Topics About Poets

<h1>Argumentative Essay Topics About Poets</h1><p>In composing a contentious exposition about the most ideal approach to move toward it is to utilize a wide scope of factious paper subjects about artists. It is likewise essential to have the option to peruse various sorts of verse and afterward have the option to choose a work that would best fit the points you have expounded on. This will guarantee that you have a scope of work to peruse when you are composing your factious essay.</p><p></p><p>By being comfortable with this you will find that your composing will stand apart from the group and that you can likewise make your peruser need to come back to understand more. There are numerous contentions in how to move toward pugnacious paper themes about artists. These include;</p><p></p><p>First and principal, you have to comprehend the setting that the scholarly, or wonderful content was written in. This can be to do wi th a particular spot, timeframe or place ever. For instance, we as a whole know the discussion over Shakespeare versus Byron as far as the specific style of verse and who was best at their time period.</p><p></p><p>Your article can begin with the writer thus you have to ensure that you comprehend where they originated from and what roused them to compose the work in any case. The most widely recognized spot to begin is with the life story. You ought to likewise discover a smidgen about where they originated from as this will help you also when you are attempting to develop your argument.</p><p></p><p>Next, when you have some foundation data about the author, what is the primary subject of the sonnet? Would you like to compose a factious article concerning why the sonnet is being composed, is it a romantic tale, strict topic, would they say they are affected by specific individuals? It is in every case great to attempt to discover as mu ch as possible about the individual and their life before you go excessively far into the essay.</p><p></p><p>When you begin to compose, it is essential to not exclusively be explicit yet in addition give enough proof to back up your data. In the event that you have a decent contention, at that point the peruser will need to find out more and will start to believe what you are stating. Continuously recall that on the off chance that you are utilizing realities, you have to back up that data with hard proof, and furthermore to clarify your theory.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant things to recollect when composing contentious paper subjects about artists is to be as explicit as could be expected under the circumstances. This will guarantee that you stay predictable all through the whole paper and the entire piece. In any case, it is likewise critical to recall this is the place you will lose the peruser in the event that you don 't present yourself in a one of a kind way, or on the off chance that you don't give them motivation to peruse your whole essay.</p><p></p><p>These are the absolute best contentions for the article subjects about artists that will be looked into and composed. At the point when you are attempting to compose a factious paper, it is critical to have the option to increase the value of the peruser and give them the motivation to peruse your whole exposition. In any case, you have to do this without being dubious to such an extent that the peruser doesn't comprehend what you are attempting to say.</p>

How Do You Read a College Essay?

<h1>How Do You Read a College Essay?</h1><p>Writing a school article is an aptitude and must be learned by all scholars who wish to prevail in this serious field. There are a lot of ways on the best way to head a school article yet there are no easy routes. The most ideal approach to figure out how to head a school paper is by contemplating it from the beginning/p><p></p><p>First of all, be certain that your composing isn't dull doesn't mean uninteresting. As it were, in the event that you are accomplishing something that is monotonous or dull, don't compose it as it will think about severely you while presenting your exposition. Obviously, composing a school paper is about your character and your composing abilities. Subsequently, be certain that your character is spoken to in your work.</p><p></p><p>Of course, your composing aptitudes and your own character won't make you a moment achievement while presenting an exposit ion. By and by, to head a school article requires understanding and strong comprehension of language structure. In the event that you are uncertain of how to head a school article, get yourself took on a paper composing class where you can gain proficiency with these aptitudes. Your composing educator ought to have numerous scholars in his group who have just settled themselves here of study. Enlist yourself with them.</p><p></p><p>Writing all alone might be good in the event that you are an inventive and imaginative essayist. Notwithstanding, on the off chance that you are a proper author or somebody who is agreeable in the study hall, you won't have the option to create a conventional exposition all alone. You should connect with the assistance of an accomplished author to head the school essay.</p><p></p><p>In numerous cases, the composition for an understudy's last undertaking can be an overwhelming assignment. At the point when yo u enroll the administrations of an accomplished author to compose the school exposition for you, you will be in extraordinary hands. Keep in mind, your college or school is liable for deciding how you should head the school essay.</p><p></p><p>It will be important for you to devise your own article. Nobody else can do this for you. On the off chance that you need to discover how to head a school paper, at that point you ought to just compose an article on your own.</p><p></p><p>Essays are best written in first individual viewpoint. As it were, the point at which you compose on your own you can concentrate on the substance of the exposition and you will have the option to concentrate on the considerations and thoughts that you have come up with.</p><p></p><p>Another part of composing a school article is the composing a proposal proclamation. Since you are composing an exposition, the article must be done when you graduate. The postulation explanation fills in as the primary area of the paper and it will fill in as your confirmation of what you accept to be the central matter of the essay.</p>

Essay Topics For the Crusades - The Little Known History of the First Crusade

<h1>Essay Topics For the Crusades - The Little Known History of the First Crusade</h1><p>Writing your paper on article subjects for the Crusades can be an overwhelming errand. Considerably after so long of thinking about the strict encounters, and what they can show us today, there are still new encounters that may even now impact our own encounters. A great deal of the things that you may have learned in school are simply legends that individuals have advised to youngsters to ingrain self-confidence.</p><p></p><p>However, on the off chance that you will look into exposition points for the Crusades, you will find that today is as yet applicable. The Crusades were huge occasions that can impact the lives of youngsters as well as the nations and areas that were included. The history books spread their beginnings as a Catholic culture and are a brilliant wellspring of data to become familiar with this and to develop the convictions of youthful u nderstudies. A portion of the exercises that you will gain from the occasions would incorporate the old conviction that being gay is a transgression, the genuine history behind the Crusades, the essentialness of religion and one of the most significant things of everything is that they can really change an individual's life for the better.</p><p></p><p>The just thing that you have to remember when examining this incredible subject is that the entirety of the data is valid. So generally, you must be cautious about what you read. As you start your exploration, you might need to look at a portion of the assets that are offered online just as other well known sources that you can use so as to get a great deal of information.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to exposition themes for the Crusades, you may need to discover some data from the congregation itself. This can be exceptionally useful as far as an incredible wellspring of data regarding t his matter. You might need to discover who the different pioneers of the time were, and if conceivable, visit their tombs. These are acceptable spots to discover intriguing data and you might have the option to find a few solutions to your questions.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant thing that you should remember when finding out about the Crusades is that these occasions have to do with what can befall another person later on. The message that the congregation is attempting to put across is that we as a whole need to cooperate. It is a message that can be accepted by us all on the off chance that we will simply continue looking hard enough.</p><p></p><p>Writing your paper point on the Crusades can be trying now and again, however on the off chance that you will accomplish the work important to gain proficiency with the things that you have to know, you will find that you have an incredible foundation to work with. It isn't in every case simple, particularly when you need to make great decisions and you should reach inferences from your examination. On the off chance that you do your exploration cautiously, you can turn up some incredible data and this will assist you with finding the correct papers for the enormous occasions in your future.</p><p></p><p>Writing your paper theme on the Crusades is an extraordinary liable to find out about and can even give you a superior comprehension of what the world resembles now. Regardless of whether you didn't go to class in your nation of origin or area, it will be an incredible wellspring of data in the event that you look up.</p>

Essay Topics For Great Gatsby College

<h1>Essay Topics For Great Gatsby College</h1><p>If you need to compose a paper point for Gatsby, you ought to pick one that is truly pertinent to the novel. There are a few issues with this methodology. A great many people attempt to fit the entirety of their encounters into a solitary article. I as of late observed this myself when I was attempting to do it for my task at work.</p><p></p><p>When I returned home, I plunked down and looked into a few articles on paper subjects for Gatsby and was wonderfully amazed to find that not a great deal of them were excessively long or tedious. The majority of them were in reality short passages. This made me consider why the scholars did this in the first place.</p><p></p><p>The issue with attempting to do a subject based exposition themes for Gatsby school is that it might seem like the paper is composed by a 10-year-old. Possibly that is something to be thankful for. All thin gs considered, most 10-year-olds won't compose whatever is that long and wordy.</p><p></p><p>Now, as I would like to think, most educators and understudies need to investigate the topic of your article themes for Gatsby and not center such a great amount around the paper all in all. It resembles you are expounding on a scene from a film. So you are allowed to incorporate anything you need, just not the exchange. Or, more than likely it would be practically difficult to get an understudy to peruse your writing.</p><p></p><p>While there are a couple of points in the topic for Gatsby that truly have importance to the story, the greater part of the exposition subjects for Gatsby can without much of a stretch be found on the web for nothing. I realize that since I composed mine myself, with the equivalent goal.</p><p></p><p>But, I need to concede that a couple of thoughts truly give Gatsby a more prominent importance . My most loved is the utilization of statements from key scenes, that additionally recommend explicit chronicled occasions that are being depicted in the novel. The more thoughts that you use, the more it will integrate with the plot and the character of the book.</p><p></p><p>Don't neglect to incorporate the paper themes for Gatsby article points. This will assist you with catching the substance of the plot of the novel and you can utilize it for future assignments.</p>

Experimental Research Paper

<h1>Experimental Research Paper</h1><p>In your first draft of the exploratory research paper, you should presumably concoct points that may include: a speculation, follow-up examination, the treatment impact, the adjustment in the mean or difference of a variable, communication terms and impacts, controlling for confounders, impact of the measurable hugeness and the investigation or detail of the outcomes. Presently, how might you put every one of these thoughts into a concise section? You can without much of a stretch do this by utilizing a conceptualizing technique.</p><p></p><p>The conceptualizing process involves recording what you figure the central matters of the paper ought to be and what issues will be experienced if the ideas are not appropriately clarified. This is done with the goal that when you read the paper, you can have an away from on the structure of the paper. During the time spent recording this, you are giving a solid dia gram to the paper, along these lines getting a thought of how you are going to structure the remainder of the paper.</p><p></p><p>When composing a meeting to generate new ideas for the exploratory research paper, the most ideal approach to sort out the subject is to concocted a rundown of themes that you are keen on. You should then return and analyze every one of these themes and check whether they have some association with one another. For instance, in the event that you were keen on testing the connection among race and sex, you ought to have the option to place that into a point dependent on sexual orientation. Having a rundown of points could likewise be valuable in that you can record the themes as you come in the composing process.</p><p></p><p>As you work through the meeting to generate new ideas, ensure that you concoct a subject for every particular point that you think would be useful for the investigation, particularly if there is a particular point that you find that is fascinating. A rundown of points could be assembled by noticing every one of the subject as you go along.</p><p></p><p>What I like to do is to consider the manners by which I am going to test every one of the ideas. What strategies will I use, what factors will I use, and what sort of investigation and information assortment technique will I use? Utilizing this data as the reason for conceptualizing, you would then be able to turn out every one of the themes and talk about how it would be best for the experiment.</p><p></p><p>If you are intending to utilize the benchmark group, you should conceptualize the kinds of factors that you may use in the examination. Or on the other hand on the off chance that you are going to test the connection among race and sex, at that point you should talk about whether you are going to utilize sex as a control variable. These are only a couple of instanc es of the sorts of inquiries that can be posed during the meeting to generate new ideas. What is significant is that you think of enough subjects to satisfactorily depict your speculation and research every one of the components of the experiment.</p><p></p><p>As you experience the meeting to generate new ideas, make certain to pose inquiries to yourself to guarantee that you are appropriately using the new ideas. Additionally, make certain to request that others assist you with assessing your ideas.</p><p></p><p>Writing a meeting to generate new ideas for the test look into paper is unquestionably useful in that it encourages you think of various thoughts for the examination and plan your theories. In any case, it is constantly imperative to direct this meeting to generate new ideas without anyone else, with certain rules and thoughts to assist you with thinking of a superior solution.</p>

Why Use Folktales Essay Samples?

<h1>Why Use Folktales Essay Samples?</h1><p>Folktales Essay Examples are frequently utilized in graduate articles or history course books to add a dash of consistent with life flavor to the content. They can likewise be remembered for thesis or research papers, and they make for incredible exposition tests that are additionally extremely simple to utilize. This is on the grounds that folktales are too famous to even consider ignoring, which implies that you experience no difficulty discovering one that will work for your purpose.</p><p></p><p>Some folktales include various character types, every one of whom must communicate in some way so as to push the plot of the story ahead. Many start with a customary story, yet then spotlight on a particular character. These characters may just show up for a couple of sentences, however their accounts proceed past the end. Along these lines, they give an amazing component that can carry life to any bit o f writing.</p><p></p><p>One such story is The Book of Longing, which starts with an endeavor to compose a work of art, generally book-length account. This one-sentence article must contain a storyteller, just as occasions, portrayals, and exchange. After much looking, the creator at last chooses the saint, who is sentenced to meander through a field looking for his lost love. For this situation, the fundamental characters are the herders, the young lady, and a degenerate appointed authority. As the story unfurls, a destiny comes upon every one of these figures, with the goal that none of them appears to get out alive.</p><p></p><p>Of course, no story contains mutiple or two significant characters, yet some can contain a few dozen. They may be all integrated by a solitary story line, or they may very well show up for brief timeframes. For whatever length of time that the peruser can identify with at any rate one of the characters, this will assist with making a folktale simpler to read.</p><p></p><p>Folktales paper tests are helpful, however they are not required for all writings. A few scholars may like to utilize totally various techniques to create a similar impact. In any case, in any event, when such perusers are available, a little included flavor can be helpful.</p><p></p><p>A author can utilize such exposition tests to locate the correct inclination for a specific folktale. In the event that the story is told in an unknown dialect, the individual in question can decipher it for the utilization of perusers who don't get English. In the event that the story happens in the open country, the person in question can utilize laborers and livestock to perform the story.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to compose a precise depiction of a story. A few creators really make the primary draft out of the story themselves, at that point of fer it to an editorial manager for some altering. Others work from diagrams composed by different journalists. Still others basically depend on what they definitely know.</p><p></p><p>Folktales article tests make for good foundation for some expositions. Nonetheless, you should consider them a beginning stage for your own portrayal. You might have the option to utilize them as a bouncing off point for your own variants of conventional stories, however you should take care that you don't copy or contort the first. It's unquestionably fine to utilize them to acquaint new components with a story, yet you ought not accept that each component from one of them will likewise be proper for the story that you plan to tell.</p>

How to Write an Outline Argument Essay Sample

How to Write an Outline Argument Essay SampleOutline argument essay sample is a research in written and oral expression. The main idea of this writing style is that the author does not put into detail about each part of the body of his or her thesis. Instead, the essay consists of a minimum amount of proofreading to ensure that all points of the research are spelled out clearly and comprehensibly.Proofread your essay outline sample for grammar and spelling errors. If the person is a high school student, go through it again. If the person is a college student, do the same thing. Make sure that you spot the errors at all times so that your outline will be acceptable to anyone reading it.Remember that outline argument essay sample should make your readers aware of what your subject is about. The thesis statement will have the reader's attention because it gives a summary of what your idea is about. The most important part of an outline argument is that it gets the reader to know the sub ject of your article and will not disappoint him or her when they are finished reading the article.To this end, the article should also come across as concise and detailed. The topic should not be long and complicated because many students write in such a way that they make it easy for themselves but they are not honest enough to give the reader the idea of the piece that they are trying to write. You should, therefore, make your article more compact, easier to read and easier to comprehend.This outline argument writing technique will, of course, not help you to become a writer. It will, however, help you to be better at your particular subject so that you can talk about it more efficiently and effectively. When you practice this writing style, you will begin to come up with your own ideas and insights that you can use in your essays and research papers.As far as this outline argument writing technique is concerned, it is important that you do not become too quick in coming up with your ideas. First, you need to think about your subject before you come up with your own ideas so that you can be sure that you are making the best decision that will give you the maximum benefit. Secondly, you must think of all the possible topics that you can choose from so that you can choose the best one and do not be too picky.While writing, take your time to research what is already said in the original research so that you can come up with something fresh. Do not try to come up with something as an afterthought. Do not try to build up your ideas just so that you can put them on paper.Keep in mind that your outline argument essay sample should be short and to the point. After all, this is just a small section of your thesis. Use your outline argument writing to give your readers a brief summary of your topic and not too many of your ideas so that your article will be easily understood.

How Ww1 Changed British Literature - 1772 Words

World War One began on July 28, 1914 and ended with the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918. The war cost a total of one hundred eighty-six billion dollars. The total casualties of the war were thirty-seven million, with another eleven million civilian casualties. The British Empire alone lost over three million people in the war. (English) World War One effected the whole world- the heartache and bloodshed changed politics, economics, and public opinion. This war changed peoples lives, but it also changes their way of thinking and their way of writing. After World War One British literature was changed from simple stories to a more realistic and meaningful approach to life. Nineteenth century England is what most historians†¦show more content†¦The three notable poets of the Victorian age became similarly absorbed in social issues. Beginning as a poet of pure romantic escapism, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, soon moved on to problems of religious faith, social change, and political power. All the characteristic moods of his poetry, from brooding splendor to lyrical sweetness, are expressed with smooth technical mastery. His style, as well as his peculiarly English conservatism, stands in some contrast to the intellectuality and bracing harshness of the poetry of Robert Browning. Matthew Arnold, the third of these mid-Victorian poets, stands apart from them as a more subtle and balanced thinker- his literary criticism is the most remarkable written in Victorian times. His poetry displays a sorrowful, disillusioned pessimism over the human plight in rapidly changing times, a pessimism countered, however, by a strong sense of duty. (En glish) World War One was an event that changed literature throughout England and the world. People felt lost, broken and disheveled after the war. This is obvious when you see the change in literature after the war. Literature after the war, or post-war literature, is different from the literature during the Victorian age. The optimism of previous decades was abandoned and a bleak, pessimistic outlook on lifeShow MoreRelatedEssay on How WW1 Changed British Literature1776 Words   |  8 Pageswere thirty-seven million, with another eleven million civilian casualties. The British Empire alone lost over three million people in the war. (English) World War One effected the whole world- the heartache and bloodshed changed politics, economics, and public opinion. This war changed peoples lives, but it also changes their way of thinking and their way of writing. After World War One British literature was changed from simple stories to a more realistic and meaningful approach to life. 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The result wasRead MoreThe Ideas Of Einstein And Freud3893 Words   |  16 PagesMr. Schneiders World History Kyndall Roberts Feb. 12, 2015 Section 1: Question 3: The ideas of Einstein and Freud were revolutionary because of how they shaped faith of reasoning and science. Einstein shook the ideas and laws that Isaac Newton had formerly created about motion and gravity. In 1905, Albert Einstein came up with the theory of relativity, which stated that although the speed of light is constant, other things like space and time are not. He believed that speed and time can changeRead More John Maynard Keynes Essay examples4182 Words   |  17 Pagesto see how this creative individual fits into Gardners model. Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, and one of only a handful of social scientists who, through their writings, have significantly affected the course of history. 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Should I Put My Name on a College Essay?

<h1>Should I Put My Name on a College Essay?</h1><p>Should I put my name on a school exposition? As I would like to think there are a couple of generally excellent motivations to put your name on the exposition that would somehow or another be free.</p><p></p><p>If you are as of now an understudy and as of now in school, you should make a point to have a secondary school paper rounded out for the class also. An article is the way to getting an acknowledgment into school. In addition to the fact that this helps demonstrate your capacity to compose an article it helps the school confirmations office to see that you genuinely feel that you ought to get into college.</p><p></p><p>Just in light of the fact that you are in school doesn't imply that you are free. You can in any case apply for school. The school that you pick has no motivation to dismiss you dependent on your age.</p><p></p><p>Should I put my name on a school paper? In the realm of online instruction, the universe of online school, and the universe of the secondary school article, your name is the absolute most significant piece of the exposition. Actually, you should put your name on the article just as your name has a ton to do with the exposition that is conveyed to many colleges.</p><p></p><p>Some state that putting your name on the paper is a tad of fun. All things considered, it might appear to be a great deal of fun, yet who truly thinks about the name of the school. Regardless of whether you do put your name on the article, don't make it your primary bit of work. Keep in mind, your name is the thing that most will see when they take a gander at your essay.</p><p></p><p>Should I put my name on a school exposition is significant in light of the fact that the higher the name you put on the article, the higher the possibility that the school will really allow you to be conceded. By putting your name on the exposition, you are stating that you are not kidding. A 'not all that genuine's understudy is significantly more averse to get into school. Also the way that there are a great deal of understudies out there that are not genuine students.</p><p></p><p>Should I put my name on a school article is something other than a pleasant thought. It isn't only a smart thought either. The way that you are putting your name on the exposition merits getting admitted to a college.</p>

Taking The Latest Essay Samples

<h1>Taking The Latest Essay Samples</h1><p>When picking a course to take at University, it is a smart thought to be certain that you are taking the most recent paper tests. There are a variety of strategies and tests of papers that you can take so as to guarantee that you are taking the most ideal one for your own needs.</p><p></p><p>Of course, you should don't hesitate to compose whatever it is that you accept will assist you with your own exposition. The issue lies in the way that there are a variety of people who will take the inquiry on how you will utilize the example and afterward assess them dependent on that. This is an extraordinary method to utilize your assets to make sense of that you will go with.</p><p></p><p>With the present innovation, there are a wide range of techniques that you can look over. For instance, you can decide to get one and print it out just as sweep it.</p><p></p><p& gt;If you want to do the entirety of this on your own books, you should be certain that you are taking the most recent paper tests that are accessible. The explanation is that they will just contain the highest caliber of papers and that will imply that you will be working with the best writers.</p><p></p><p>You likewise need to be certain that you will be managing a school that will guarantee that you have everything that you need before you start. This is an exceptionally urgent factor. In the event that you can select one of these courses, you ought to have the option to discover a spot that you can pursue the entirety of your requirements.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies experience the way toward making their very own prerequisites for their particular courses. In any case, this isn't the situation with numerous schools. In the event that you experience the way toward pursuing the IELTS test for an English course, you ought to have the option to discover a spot that has the entirety of the segments that you have to get started.</p><p></p><p>Of course, the more you comprehend the kinds of expositions that are offered, the better. You need to pick one that is explicit to your sort obviously and that is going to help you the most. You likewise need to ensure that you can utilize these materials once you are done so as to help you all through the course.</p><p></p><p>When searching for the most recent paper tests, you have to ensure that you are picking the ones that will be anything but difficult to utilize. At that point, you need to ensure that you can have them sent to you before you start. This will guarantee that you get a hands on involvement in the primary arrangement of materials that you will encounter.</p>

Junior High School Research Paper Topics

Junior High School Research Paper TopicsResearch paper topics have everything to do with the topics of the original research paper. Research paper topics are the focus of the paper, and therefore, everything that happens in the rest of the paper has to do with the topics of the research paper. Many junior students and high school seniors think that the only way to get an idea across to their readers is to incorporate several ideas into the one article. While this can be a good way to keep your ideas in the forefront of your reader's mind, it can also get very messy very quickly.The first step to finding your research paper topics is to have a clear concept of what you want to write about. For instance, if you're going to write an article about 'dental health,' you should have an idea of what the topic is. Once you know what the topic is, then you'll have a clearer idea of how to approach your writing.Another important step to finding your research paper topics is to make sure that yo ur articles are appropriate for your age group. The last thing you want to do is write a research paper for a junior high student. Junior high research paper topics are going to be different than senior research paper topics, because these two types of topics are going to have much more depth.Remember that even though writing research paper topics for junior high school students is going to have less depth than a senior high school research paper, the information will still be necessary. It's all too easy to get sidetracked by the depth of information at hand and forget to bring it out in your writing. Your readers won't remember the depth if you leave it out, so make sure that your research paper topics are appropriate for your level of maturity.As I mentioned before, some people think that college students should write college research papers. The general rule of thumb is that college research papers are not written for juniors. Although college research papers can be much more in depth, college research papers are also written for adults who want to reach an entirely different audience than junior high school researchers.Senior high school research paper topics are going to be based on things that are going to be extremely valuable to people in that age group. That's why senior high school research paper topics are more general in nature. If you're writing a research paper for a senior in high school, then you're writing a college research paper, because the topics you choose are going to be much more advanced and the information is going to be much more sophisticated.It's important that you understand that it's important to write your research paper topics in the best possible way. The last thing you want to do is skip steps because you don't feel like you've mastered something. Research paper topics take a lot of time to write. Make sure that you give yourself enough time to complete each section of your research paper topic.Just as there are some rules t hat you need to follow when writing a research paper topic for high school research paper topics, there are some rules that you need to follow when writing a research paper topic for college research paper topics. Even though your research paper topic is based on highly technical material, you can still get bogged down with the details. Don't get lazy and get yourself into trouble.

Call of the Wild Essay Topics - How Do You Choose Them?

Call of the Wild Essay Topics - How Do You Choose Them?If you are planning to write a call of the wild essay, you have a lot of different essay topics to choose from. The question is, how do you know which essay topics to choose? There are some tips that can help you determine which topics will be best for your call of the wild essays.The first tip is to determine what type of character you will be portraying in your call of the wild essay. The author of your essay must portray a character who is normal in most situations and that can be influenced by the type of story you will be telling. A good example of this is, if you are writing a story about a person who is really just trying to survive in a wilderness environment, then your main character's behaviors will need to reflect this description.After deciding on the characters that you are going to have, you need to focus on the theme or story of your wild essay. There are a few wild life subjects that fall under themes. They are: t he Indian mentality, the Alaskan environment, the Native American civilization, and the South African environment. When you start to research about these topics, you will find a few wild life subjects that fit into each theme.The second tip to focus on when researching for a wild life topic is to make sure that you research enough about the subject before you begin to write. There are many wildlife subjects that are well-known and you may not realize that you do not know enough. Research all of the key points of the wildlife subject, such as where the animal or plant originated, their behavior and characteristics, and more.The third tip to focus on when researching wildlife subjects is to use a clear description of the wildlife subject that you are researching. One great thing about researching wildlife subjects is that they are usually very big subjects. Researching for a wild life topic can be a real challenge for most people. It can seem overwhelming!The fourth tip to focus on wh en researching wildlife topics is to research the information available. This can be especially important if you are using a new topic. If you have never researched the topic before, it is better to research the information first. If you do not have any knowledge about the topic, then it is better to research it to your own knowledge level.After all of these tips, you should be able to narrow down your wild essay topics. However, remember to still research the topics and not to rely on the information provided by the Internet. The wild lives that you are researching are not likely to be listed in a Google search!

Issues in Sme Development in Ghana and South Africa Free Essays

International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 39 (2010)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www. eurojournals. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Sme Development in Ghana and South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/finance. htm Issues in SME Development in Ghana and South Africa Joshua Abor Department of Finance University of Ghana Business School, Legon Peter Quartey Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research University of Ghana, Legon Abstract This paper discusses the characteristics, contributions of SMEs to economic development, and the constraints to SME development in developing countries with particular reference to Ghana and South Africa. SMEs in Ghana have been noted to provide about 85% of manufacturing employment of Ghana. They are also believed to contribute about 70% to Ghana’s GDP and account for about 92% of businesses in Ghana. In the Republic of South Africa, it is estimated that 91% of the formal business entities are SMEs. They also contribute between 52 to 57% to GDP and provide about 61% to employment. Notwithstanding the recognition of the important roles SMEs play in these countries, their development is largely constrained by a number of factors, such as lack of access to appropriate technology; limited access to international markets, the existence of laws, regulations and rules that impede the development of the sector; weak institutional capacity, lack of management skills and training, and most importantly finance. The paper provides some relevant recommendations to policy makers, development agencies, entrepreneurs, and SME managers to ascertain the appropriate strategy to improve the SME sector in these countries. Keywords: SME Development, Ghana, South Africa 1. 0. Introduction There is growing recognition of the important role small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play in economic development. They are often described as efficient and prolific job creators, the seeds of big businesses and the fuel of national economic engines. Even in the developed industrial economies, it is the SME sector rather than the multinationals that is the largest employer of workers (Mullineux, 1997). Interest in the role of SMEs n the development process continues to be in the forefront of policy debates in most countries. Governments at all levels have undertaken initiatives to promote the growth of SMEs (Feeney and Riding, 1997). SME development can encourage the process of both inter and intra-regional decentralization; and, they may well become a countervailing force against the economic power of larger enterprises. More generally, the development of SMEs is seen as accelerating the achievement of wider economi c and socio-economic objectives, including poverty alleviation (Cook and Nixson, 2000). According to an OECD report, SMEs produce about 25% of OECD exports and 35% of Asia’s exports (OECD, 1997). International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) 219 SMEs represent over 90% of private business and contribute to more than 50% of employment and of GDP in most African countries (UNIDO, 1999). Small enterprises in Ghana are said to be a characteristic feature of the production landscape and have been noted to provide about 85% of manufacturing employment of Ghana (Steel and Webster, 1991; Aryeetey, 2001). SMEs are also believed to contribute about 70% to Ghana’s GDP and account for about 92% of businesses in Ghana. Similarly, in the Republic of South Africa, it is estimated that 91% of the formal business entities are Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) (Hassbroeck, 1996; Berry et al. , 2002). They also contribute between 52 and 57% to GDP and provide about 61% of employment (CSS, 1998; Ntsika, 1999; Gumede, 2000; Berry et al. , 2002). SMEs therefore have a crucial role to play in stimulating growth, generating employment and contributing to poverty alleviation, given their economic weight in African countries. How do SMEs in Ghana compare with their counterparts in South Africa and what policy lessons can be drawn for both countries to enhance the contribution of the sector remains the focus of this paper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section two reviews the various definitions of SMEs. Section three discusses the characteristics of SMEs in developing countries. Sections four and five examine the contributions of SMEs to economic development and the constraints to SME developments. The paper concludes in section six. 2. 0. What is an SME? The issue of what constitutes a small or medium enterprise is a major concern in the literature. Different authors have usually given different definitions to this category of business. SMEs have indeed not been spared with the definition problem that is usually associated with concepts which have many components. The definition of firms by size varies among researchers. Some attempt to use the capital assets while others use skill of labour and turnover level. Others define SMEs in terms of their legal status and method of production. Storey (1994) tries to sum up the danger of using size to define the status of a firm by stating that in some sectors all firms may be regarded as small, whilst in other sectors there are possibly no firms which are small. The Bolton Committee (1971) first formulated an â€Å"economic† and â€Å"statistical† definition of a small firm. Under the â€Å"economic† definition, a firm is said to be small if it meets the following three criteria: †¢ It has a relatively small share of their market place; †¢ It is managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure; †¢ It is independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. Under the â€Å"statistical† definition, the Committee proposed the following criteria:: †¢ The size of the small firm sector and its contribution to GDP, employment, exports, etc. †¢ The extent to which the small firm sector’s economic contribution has changed over time; †¢ Applying the statistical definition in a cross-country comparison of the small firms’ economic contribution. The Bolton Committee applied different definitions of the small firm to different sectors. Whereas firms in manufacturing, construction and mining were defined in terms of number of employees (in which case, 200 or less qualified the firm to be a small firm), those in the retail, services, wholesale, etc. were defined in terms of monetary turnover (in which case the range is 50,000-200,000 British Pounds to be classified as small firm). Firms in the road transport industry are classified as small if they have 5 or fewer vehicles. There have been criticisms of the Bolton definitions. These centre mainly on the apparent inconsistencies between defining characteristics based on number of employees and those based on managerial approach. The European Commission (EC) defined SMEs largely in term of the number of employees as follows: †¢ firms with 0 to 9 employees – micro enterprises; 220 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) †¢ 10 to 99 employees – small enterprises; †¢ 100 to 499 employees – medium enterprises. Thus, the SME sector is comprised of enterprises (except agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing) which employ less than 500 workers. In effect, the EC definitions are based solely on employment rather than a multiplicity of criteria. Secondly, the use of 100 employees as the small firm’s upper limit is more appropriate, given the increase in productivity over the last two decades (Storey, 1994). Finally, the EC definition did not assume the SME group is homogenous; that is, the definition makes a distinction between micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises. However, the EC definition is too all-embracing to be applied to a number of countries. Researchers would have to use definitions for small firms which are more appropriate to their particular â€Å"target† group (an operational definition). It must be emphasized that debates on definitions turn out to be sterile, unless size is a factor which influences performance. For instance, the relationship between size and performance matters when assessing the impact of a credit programme on a target group (Storey, 1994). Weston and Copeland (1998) hold that definitions of size of enterprises suffer from a lack of universal applicability. In their view, this is because enterprises may be conceived of in varying terms. Size has been defined in different contexts, in terms of the number of employees, annual turnover, industry of enterprise, ownership of enterprise, and value of fixed assets. Van der Wijst (1989) considers small and medium businesses as privately held firms with 1 – 9 and 10 – 99 people employed, respectively. Jordan et al (1998) define SMEs as firms with fewer than 100 employees and less than â‚ ¬15 million turnover. Michaelas et al (1999) consider small independent private limited companies with fewer than 200 employees and Lopez and Aybar (2000) considered companies with sales below â‚ ¬15 million as small. According to the British Department of Trade and Industry, the best description of a small firm remains that used by the Bolton Committee in its 1971 Report on Small Firms. This stated that a small firm is an independent business, managed by its owner or part-owners and having a small market share (Department of Trade and Industry, 2001). The UNIDO also defines SMEs in terms of number of employees by giving different classifications for industrialized and developing countries (see Elaian, 1996). The definition for industrialized countries is given as follows: †¢ Large – firms with 500 or more workers; †¢ Medium – firms with 100-499 workers; †¢ Small – firms with 99 or less workers. The classification given for developing countries is as follows: †¢ Large – firms with 100 or more workers; †¢ Medium – firms with 20-99 workers; †¢ Small – firms with 5-19 workers; †¢ Micro – firms with less than 5 workers. It is clear from the various definitions that there is not a general consensus over what constitutes an SME. Definitions vary across industries and also across countries. It is important now to examine definitions of SMEs given in the context of Ghana and South Africa. 2. 1. The Ghanaian Situation There have been various definitions given for small-scale enterprises in Ghana but the most commonly used criterion is the number of employees of the enterprise (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). In applying this definition, confusion often arises in respect of the arbitrariness and cut off points used by the various official sources. In its Industrial Statistics, the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) considers firms with fewer than 10 employees as small-scale enterprises and their counterparts with more than 10 employees as medium and large-sized enterprises. Ironically, the GSS in its national accounts considered companies with up to 9 employees as SMEs (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). The value of fixed assets in the firm has also been used as an alternative criterion for defining SMEs. However, the National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) in Ghana applies both the International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) 221 â€Å"fixed asset and number of employees† criteria. It defines a small-scale enterprise as a firm with not more than 9 workers, and has plant and machinery (excluding land, buildings and vehicles) not exceeding 10 million Ghanaian cedis. The Ghana Enterprise Development Commission (GEDC), on the other hand, uses a 10 million Ghanaian cedis upper limit definition for plant and machinery. It is important to caution that the process of valuing fixed assets poses a problem. Secondly, the continuous depreciation of the local currency as against major trading currencies often makes such definitions outdated (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). In defining small-scale enterprises in Ghana, Steel and Webster (1991), and Osei et al (1993) used an employment cut-off point of 30 employees. Osei et al (1993), however, classified small-scale enterprises into three categories. These are: (i) micro – employing less than 6 people; (ii) very small employing 6-9 people; (iii) small – between 10 and 29 employees. A more recent definition is the one given by the Regional Project on Enterprise Development Ghana manufacturing survey paper. The survey report classified firms into: (i) micro enterprise, less than 5 employees; (ii) small enterprise, 5 29 employees; (iii) medium enterprise, 30 – 99 employees; (iv) large enterprise, 100 and more employees (see Teal, 2002). 2. 2. The South African Situation The most widely used framework in South Africa is the definition of the National Small Business Act 102 of 1996, which defines five categories of businesses in South Africa. The definition uses the number of employees (the most common mode of definition) per enterprise size category combined with the annual turnover categories, the gross assets excluding fixed property. The definitions for the various enterprise categories are given as follows: †¢ Survivalist enterprise: The income generated is less than the minimum income standard or the poverty line. This category is considered pre-entrepreneurial, and includes hawkers, vendors and subsistence farmers. (In practice, survivalist enterprises are often categorised as part of the micro-enterprise sector). Micro enterprise: The turnover is less than the VAT registration limit (that is, R150 000 per year). These enterprises usually lack formality in terms of registration. They include, for example, spaza shops, minibus taxis and household industries. They employ no more than 5 people. †¢ Very small enterprise: These are enterprises employing fewer than 10 paid employees, except mining, electricity, manufacturing and construction sectors, in which the figure is 20 employees. These enterprises operate in the formal market and have access to technology. Small enterprise: The upper limit is 50 employees. Small enterprises are generally more established than very small enterprises and exhibit more complex business practices. †¢ Medium enterprise: The maximum number of employees is 100, or 200 for the mining, electricity, manufacturing and construction sectors. These enterprises are often characterised by the decentralisation of power to an additional management layer. The National Small Business Act’s definitions of the different categories of business may be summarised as set out in Table 1 below. 222 Table 1: International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) Definitions of SMMEs given in the National Small Business Act Number of Employees Fewer than 100 to 200, depending on industry Fewer than 50 Annual Turnover (in South African rand) Less than R4 million to R50 million, depending upon industry Less than R2 million to R25 million, depending on industry Less than R200 000 to R500 000, depending on industry Less than R150 000 Gross Assets, Excluding Fixed Property Less than R2 million to R18 million, depending on industry Less than R2 million to R4. million, depending on industry Less than R150 000 to R500 000, depending on Industry Less than R100 000 Enterprise Size Medium Small Fewer than 10 to 20, depending on industry Micro Fewer than 5 Source: Falkena et al. (2001) Very Small From the above, two key contrast can be drawn between the definitions of SMEs in Ghana and their counterparts in South Africa. First, Act 102 of 1996 defines SMEs in South Africa wh ereas there is no such legislation in Ghana. Secondly, the cut off points for the various SME size categories in South Africa are much higher than that of Ghana. This may be a result of the fact that South Africa has a much higher income levels than Ghana. 3. 0. Characteristics of SMEs in Developing Countries Fisher and Reuber (2000) enumerate a number of characteristics of SMEs in developing countries under the broad headings: labour characteristics, sectors of activity, gender of owner and efficiency. Given that most SMEs are one-person businesses, the largest employment category is working proprietors. This group makes up more than half the SME workforce in most developing countries; their families, who tend to be unpaid but active in the enterprise, make up roughly another quarter. The remaining portion of the workforce is split between hired workers and trainees or apprentices. SMEs are more labour intensive than larger firms and therefore have lower capital costs associated with job creation (Anheier and Seibel, 1987; Liedholm and Mead, 1987; Schmitz, 1995). In terms of activity, they are mostly engaged in retailing, trading, or manufacturing (Fisher and Reuber, 2000). While it is a common perception that the majority of SMEs will fall into the first category, the proportion of SME activity that takes place in the retail sector varies considerably between countries, and between rural and urban regions within countries. Retailing is mostly found in urban regions, while manufacturing can be found in either rural or urban centres. However, the extent of involvement of a country in manufacturing will depend on a number of factors, including, availability of raw materials, taste and consumption patterns of domestic consumers, and the level of development of the export markets. In Ghana, SMEs can be categorized into urban and rural enterprises. The former can be subdivided into â€Å"organized† and â€Å"unorganized† enterprises. The organized ones mostly have paid employees with a registered office, whereas the unorganized category is mainly made up of artisans who work in open spaces, temporary wooden structures, or at home, and employ few or in some cases no salaried workers (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). They rely mostly on family members or apprentices. Rural enterprises are largely made up of family groups, individual artisans, women engaged in food production from local crops. The major activities within this sector include:- soap and detergents, fabrics, clothing and tailoring, textile and leather, village blacksmiths, tin-smithing, ceramics, timber and mining, bricks and cement, beverages, food processing, bakeries, wood furniture, electronic assembly, agro processing, chemical-based products and mechanics (Osei et al. , 1993; Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). Majority of SMEs are female-owned businesses, which more often than not are home-based compared to those owned by males; they are operated from home and are mostly not considered in official statistics. This clearly affects their chances of gaining access to financing schemes, since such International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) 223 programmes are designed without sufficient consideration of the needs of businesses owned by females. These female entrepreneurs often get the impression that they are not capable of taking advantage of these credit schemes, because the administrative costs associated with the schemes often outweigh the benefits. Prior empirical studies in Ghana have shown that female-owned SMEs often have difficulty accessing finance. Females are mostly involved in sole-proprietorship businesses which are mainly microenterprises and as such may lack the necessary collateral to qualify for loans (Aryeetey et al, 1994; Abor and Biekpe, 2006). Measures of enterprise efficiency (e. g. labour productivity or total factor productivity) vary greatly both within and across industries. Firm size may be associated with some other factors that are correlated with efficiency, such as managerial skill and technology, and the effects of the policy environment. Most studies in developing countries indicate that the smallest firms are the least efficient, and there is some evidence that both small and large firms are relatively inefficient compared to medium-scale enterprises (Little et al. , 1987). It is often argued that SMEs are more innovative than larger firms. Many small firms bring innovations to the market place, but the contribution of innovations to productivity often takes time, and larger firms may have more resources to adopt and implement them (Acs et al. , 1999). 4. 0. Contributions of SMEs to Economic Development There is a general consensus that the performance of SMEs is important for both economic and social development of developing countries. From the economic perspective, SMEs provide a number of benefits (Advani, 1997). SMEs have been noted to be one of the major areas of concern to many policy makers in an attempt to accelerate the rate of growth in low-income countries. These enterprises have been recognized as the engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved. They are potential sources of employment and income in many developing countries. SMEs seem to have advantages over their large-scale competitors in that they are able to adapt more easily to market conditions, given their broadly skilled technologies. They are able to withstand adverse economic conditions because of their flexible nature (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). SMEs are more labour intensive than larger firms and therefore have lower capital costs associated with job creation (Anheier and Seibel, 1987; Liedholm and Mead, 1987; Schmitz, 1995). They perform useful roles in ensuring income stability, growth and employment. Since SMEs are labour intensive, they are more likely to succeed in smaller urban centres and rural areas, where they can contribute to a more even distribution of economic activity in a region and can help to slow the flow of migration to large cities. Due to their regional dispersion and their labour intensity, it is argued, small-scale production units can promote a more equitable distribution of income than large firms. They also improve the efficiency of domestic markets and make productive use of scarce resources, thus facilitating long-term economic growth (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). SMEs contribute to a country’s national product by either manufacturing goods of value, or through the provision of services to both consumers and/or other enterprises. This encompasses the provision of products and, to a lesser extent, services to foreign clients, thereby contributing to overall export performance. In Ghana and South Africa, SMEs represent a vast portion of businesses. They represent about 92% of Ghanaian businesses and contribute about 70% to Ghana’s GDP and over 80% to employment. SMEs also account for about 91% of the formal business entities in South Africa, contributing between 52% and 57% of GDP and providing about 61% of employment (CSS, 1998; Ntsika, 1999; Gumede, 2000; Berry et al. , 2002). From an economic perspective, however, enterprises are not just suppliers, but also consumers; this plays an important role if they are able to position themselves in a market with purchasing power: their demand for industrial or consumer goods will stimulate the activity of their suppliers, just as their own activity is stimulated by the demands of their clients. Demand in the form of investment plays a dual role, both from a demand-side (with regard to the suppliers of industrial goods) and on the supplyside (through the potential for new production arising from upgraded equipment). In addition, demand 224 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) is important to the income-generation potential of SMEs and their ability to stimulate the demand for both consumer and capital goods (Berry et al. , 2002). 5. 0. General Constraints to SME Development Despite the potential role of SMEs to accelerated growth and job creation in developing countries, a number of bottlenecks affect their ability to realize their full potential. SME development is hampered by a number of factors, including finance, lack of managerial skills, equipment and technology, regulatory issues, and access to international markets (Anheier and Seibel, 1987; Steel and Webster, 1991; Aryeetey et al, 1994; Gockel and Akoena, 2002). The lack of managerial know-how places significant constraints on SME development. Even though SMEs tend to attract motivated managers, they can hardly compete with larger firms. The scarcity of management talent, prevalent in most countries in the region, has a magnified impact on SMEs. The lack of support services or their relatively higher unit cost can hamper SMEs’ efforts to improve their management, because consulting firms are often not equipped with appropriate cost-effective management solutions for SMEs. Besides, despite the numerous institutions providing training and advisory services, there is still a skills gap in the SME sector as a whole (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). This is because entrepreneurs cannot afford the high cost of training and advisory services while others do not see the need to upgrade their skills due to complacency. In terms of technology, SMEs often have difficulties in gaining access to appropriate technologies and information on available techniques (Aryeetey et al. , 1994). In most cases, SMEs utilize foreign technology with a scarce percentage of shared ownership or leasing. They usually acquire foreign licenses, because local patents are difficult to obtain. Regulatory constraints also pose serious challenges to SME development and although wideranging structural reforms have led to some improvements, prospects for enterprise development remain to be addressed at the firm-level. The high start-up costs for firms, including licensing and registration requirements, can impose excessive and unnecessary burdens on SMEs. The high cost of settling legal claims, and excessive delays in court proceedings adversely affect SME operations. In the case of Ghana, the cumbersome procedure for registering and commencing business are key issues often cited. The World Bank Doing Business Report (2006) indicated that it takes 127 days to deal with licensing issues and there are 16 procedures involved in licensing a business in Ghana. It takes longer (176 days) in South Africa and there were 18 procedures involved in dealing with licensing issues. Meanwhile, the absence of antitrust legislation favours larger firms, while the lack of protection for property rights limits SMEs’ access to foreign technologies (Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). Previously insulated from international competition, many SMEs are now faced with greater external competition and the need to expand market share. However, their limited international marketing experience, poor quality control and product standardisation, and little access to international partners, continue to impede SMEs’ expansion into international markets (Aryeetey et al. , 1994). They also lack the necessary information about foreign markets. One important problem that SMEs often face is access to capital (Lader, 1996). Lack of adequate financial resources places significant constraints on SME development. Cook and Nixson (2000) observe that, notwithstanding the recognition of the role of SMEs in the development process in many developing countries, SMEs development is always constrained by the limited availability of financial resources to meet a variety of operational and investment needs. A World Bank study found that about 90% of small enterprises surveyed stated that credit was a major constraint to new investment (Parker et al. , 1995). Levy (1993) also found that there is limited access to financial resources available to smaller enterprises compared to larger organisations and the consequences for their growth and development. The role of finance has been viewed as a critical element for the development of SMEs (Cook and Nixson, 2000). A large portion of the SME sector does not have access to adequate and appropriate forms of credit and equity, or indeed to financial services more generally (Parker et al. , 1995). In competing for the corporate market, formal financial institutions have structured their products to serve the needs of large corporates. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) 225 A cursory analysis of survey and research results of SMEs in South Africa, for instance, reveals common reactions from SME owners interviewed. When asked what they perceive as constraints in their businesses and especially in establishing or expanding their businesses, they answered that access to funds is a major constraint. This is reflected in perception questions answered by SME owners in many surveys (see BEES, 1995; Graham and Quattara, 1996; Rwingema and Karungu, 1999). This situation is not different in the case of Ghana (see Sowa et al. , 1992; Aryeetey, 1998; Bigsten et al. , 2000, Abor and Biekpe 2006, 2007; Quartey, 2002). A priori, it might seem surprising that finance should be so important. Requirements such as identifying a product and a market, acquiring any necessary property rights or licenses, and keeping proper records are all in some sense more fundamental to running a small enterprise than is finance (Green et al. , 2002). Some studies have consequently shown that a large number of small enterprises fail because of non-financial reasons. Other constraints SMEs face include: lack of access to appropriate technology; the existence of laws, regulations and rules that impede the development of the sector; weak institutional capacity and lack of management skills and training (see Sowa et al. , 1992; Aryeetey et al. , 1994; Parker et al. , 1995; Kayanula and Quartey, 2000). However, potential providers of finance, whether formal or informal, are unlikely to commit funds to a business which they view as not being on a sound footing, irrespective of the exact nature of the unsoundness. Lack of funds may be the immediate reason for a business failing to start or to progress, even when the more fundamental reason lies elsewhere. Finance is said to be the â€Å"glue† that holds together all the diverse aspects involved in small business start-up and development (Green et al. , 2002). 6. 0. Conclusion This paper has reviewed various definitions of SMEs and also discussed the characteristics, contributions of SMEs to economic development, and the constraints to SME development. In reviewing the definitions of SMEs, it was concluded that there is no single, universal, uniformly acceptable definition of SMEs. Several measures or indicators have been used to define the SME sector. The most commonly used is the number of employees of the enterprise. However, in applying this definition, confusion often arises in respect of the arbitrariness and cut-off points used by various official sources. The definitions of SMEs within the context of Ghana and South Africa were also examined, given that this paper focuses on these two countries. SMEs often fall into two categories, that is, urban and rural enterprises. The former can be sub-divided into â€Å"organized† and â€Å"unorganized† enterprises. The organized groups have registered offices and paid workers, whilst the unorganized ones are mainly made up of artisans. Rural enterprises are largely made up of family groups and individual artisans. The activities in the SME sector range from pottery and ceramics to manufacturing of spare parts and electronic assembly. SMEs in Ghana and South Africa have a lot of similarities in terms of their characteristics as well as the vital role they play in the two economies. However, they differ in terms of size and regulation. For instance, the cut off point for the various categories of SMEs in Ghana are much lower than they pertain in South Africa. Secondly, whereas a national legislation defines an SME in South Africa, no such Act exist in Ghana. The study also observed that SMEs constitute a vital element of the development process, and their contributions in terms of production, employment and income in developing countries is widely recognized. Hence, interest in the role of SMEs in the development process continues to be high on the agenda of policy makers in the two countries. Notwithstanding the recognition, the development of SMEs is always constrained by a number of factors such as, lack of access to appropriate technology, limited access to international markets, the existence of laws, regulations and rules that impede the development of the sector; weak institutional capacity and lack of management skills and training. However, access to finance remains the greatest concern for the majority of SMEs. This study suggests that, to improve access to credit to SMEs, entrepreneurs should be encouraged to form cooperatives since financial institutions believe peer pressure often reduces the risk 26 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 39 (2010) of default, Secondly, the government through tax incentives can encourage certain training institutions and NGOs to provide training to entrepreneurs on simple record keeping and managerial know-how. Also, a national legislation in Ghana to define what constitutes an SME and their leg al as well as tax obligations will help to integrate a number of informal enterprises into the formal framework. This should be complemented with steps to minimize the legal procedures involved in doing business in both countries. It is also suggested that technology transfer through simple, inexpensive and adaptable technology should be promoted to enhance the productivity of SMEs. References [1] [2] Abor, J. and N. 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